Self-esteem, self-efficacy, and social support mediate the relationship between motor proficiency and internalizing problems in adults: Exploring the environmental stress hypothesis in adulthood.

The Environmental Stress Hypothesis (ESH) is a theoretical model used to understand the factors mediating the relationship between motor proficiency and internalizing problems. The aim of this study is to explore a potential extension of the ESH by examining whether BMI, physical activity levels, self-esteem, self-efficacy and social support are potential mediators between motor proficiency and internalizing problems in young adults. 290 adults aged between 18 and 30 years old (150 women, 140 men) were evaluated with the following instruments: Adult Developmental Coordination Disorders Checklist (ADC), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21), Social Support Satisfaction Scale (SSSS), Perceived General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and self-reported body mass index (BMI). The results indicated that self-esteem, self-efficacy, and social support mediate the relationship between motor proficiency and internalizing problems in this sample. Thus, the findings reinforce the notion that early intervention and preventive psychological care can serve as protective aspects of mental health in adults at risk for low motor proficiency.

Association between menopausal symptoms, sexual function, and sexual activity - a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: To analyse the possible association between menopausal symptoms (somatic-vegetative, psychological, and urogenital) and sexual function with the maintenance of the sexual activity of women in menopause. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study comprised 96 menopausal women aged 40-59 (52.88 ±4.05) years, who presented a positive score to the menopause rating scale (MRS) and had serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone ≥ 25 IU/ml. Participants who used hormone replacement therapy were excluded. Results: It was observed that participants who had an active sexual life had lower medians in the somatic-vegetative (p < 0.001) and psychological symptoms (p = 0.006), as well as in the general score (p = 0.001) at the MRS; in addition, they had better sexual function in 4 domains (p < 0.005): excitement, lubrication, orgasm, and pain, as well as in the total score of the female sexual function index questionnaire (p < 0.005). It was also found that, regardless of the type of menopause (surgical or natural), women who did not engage in sexual activity had a score of 5.651 points more in the MRS (p = 0.004), demonstrating that the practice of sexual activity predicts in 10.4% the variation in the symptom score. Conclusions: Menopausal women who maintain sexual activity had a lower score on the menopause symptom score and better sexual function compared to those who did not perform sexual activity.

Physical Activity Levels in Brazilian Adolescents: A Secular Trend Study (2007-2017/18).

Only a small proportion of Brazilian adolescents practice sufficient physical activity (PA). However, it is not clear whether this proportion has been decreasing over time. This study aimed to examine the 10-year trends of sufficient PA in adolescents and to investigate differences by sex and age. Using a standard protocol, we compared two cross-sectional cohorts of adolescents aged 15 to 18 years, recruited in 2007 (n = 1040) and in 2017/18 (n = 978). Using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), the adolescents reported moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) performed in the last seven days. Sufficient PA was defined as engaging in at least 60 min/day of MVPA. In the subgroups, investigated by sex or age, there was an increase in the prevalence of sufficient PA. Overall, sufficient PA declined by 28.1% from 2007 to 2017/18. Boys in 2007 were more active than their 2017/18 peers, and this was equally observed in girls in 2007 compared to those in 2017/18. The findings show decreasing secular trends in sufficient PA in the investigated adolescents. Not only are public health authorities in Brazil witnessing an escalation of insufficient PA, but they are also losing ground with the most active adolescents.

Comparing Different Typologies of Physical Activities With a Focus on Motivation.

There are numerous classifications of physical activities (PAs). However, they lack precise grouping criteria and tend to vary according to each author. Among other factors, the individual's level of motivation is considered an important aspect of PA maintenance. In this study, we aimed to (1) compare several PAs according to intrinsic (Interest, Enjoyment, and Competence) and extrinsic (Appearance, Fitness/Health, and Social) motives and (2) analyze PAs with and without previous grouping to explore which PAs are more similar based on the different motivational subscales. We recruited 1,421 physically active Brazilian participants (mean age = 26.83, SD = 10.49). The participants stated which PA they practiced most frequently, and they answered the revised motivation for PA measure. The data were analyzed with multivariate general linear models and Kruskal-Wallis. We found that some PAs consistently differed from others regarding motivational subscales. For example, participants practicing Walking showed less Interest/Enjoyment and Competence motives than participants engaged in several other PAs. Pilates was highlighted by a particularly low level of Social motivation in comparison to other PAs. Furthermore, using the previously suggested categorization of PAs, we also showed consistent distinctions considering each motivational subscale. Specifically, one group of PA (categorized as more Complex, Team, Vigorous, Hybrid, and Combative) scored higher on intrinsic motivation, while the other group of activities (categorized as more Organized, Individual, Moderate, Strength, and Rhythmic) scored higher on Appearance and Fitness/Health motives. Our results thus provide initial evidence for possible new methods of grouping PA types that can improve maintenance behavior using motivation as a grouping factor.

Externalizing problems mediate the relationship between motor proficiency and internalizing problems in children: An extension of the Environmental Stress Hypothesis.

The Environmental Stress Hypothesis (ESH) is a causal theoretical framework that provides a flexible context for understanding factors that mediate the relationship between low motor proficiency and internalizing problems in children. The purpose of the present study was to use the ESH framework to determine whether body mass index (BMI), physical activity levels, psychosocial health and physical health, self-efficacy, perceived social status, prosocial behavior and externalizing problems were potential mediators between motor proficiency and internalizing factors in a population of Brazilian children. 431 children aged 7- to 10 years (240 females, 191 males) participated in the study. The variables were measured with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd ed. (MABC-2), the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the MacArthur Subjective Social Status Scale (MacArthur SSS), the Self-efficacy Sense Assessment Roadmap (RASAE), and the Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ). The results indicated a direct relationship between motor proficiency and internalizing problems in a population of Brazilian children, with externalizing problems being the only variable mediating that relationship. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that externalizing problems were tested in the context of the ESH. Understanding and evaluating potential mediators in the relationship between motor proficiency and internalizing problems using the ESH framework is essential to promote prevention policies and interventions for school-age children.

Efeito de uma intervenção com jogos digitas e webgames na motivação intrínseca em escolares / Effect of an intervention with digital games and webgames on intrinsic motivation in schools

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito de uma intervenção com jogos digitais associados aos webgames na motivação intrínseca de crianças de uma escola pública de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Participaram deste estudo de desenho de um estudo de intervenção pedagógica não randomizado, 50 estudantes (52% de meninas), com idade média de 6,7 (±0,54) anos. Duas turmas da escola foram transformadas em dois grupos de pesquisa: 1) grupo intervenção (vivência prévia de jogos digitais no computador e webgames durante as aulas de educação física); e 2) grupo controle (apenas vivência de webgame). O Inventário de Motivação Intrínseca foi o instrumento utilizado, e para comparação intra e intergrupos utilizou-se o método de Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Não foi identificado efeito isolado do grupo ou interação grupo vs momento, o que indica que o grupo submetido a intervenção não se diferiu do grupo controle ao longo do tempo em termos de motivação. Conclui-se que o tipo de intervenção pedagógica realizada não foi capaz de aumentar a motivação intrínseca do grupo intervenção, sugerindo a necessidade de adaptações na estrutura e estratégias da intervenção em um próximo estudo.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of an intervention with digital games associated with webgames on the intrinsic motivation of children from a public school in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina (Brazil). 50 students (52% girls) participated in this design study of non-randomized pedagogical intervention study, with a mean age of 6.7 (± 0.54) years. Two classroom groups were transformed into two research groups: 1) intervention group (preview experience of digital games on the computer and webgames during physical education classes); and 2) control group (only experience of webgame). The Intrinsic Motivation Inventory was the instrument used, and for intra and intergroup comparison, the Generalized Estimation Equations method was used, adopting a significance level of 5%. No isolated effect of the group or interaction between group vs moment was identified, which indicates that the group submitted to the intervention did not differ from the control group over time in terms of motivation. It is concluded that the type of pedagogical intervention performed was not able to increase the intrinsic motivation OF GROUP I, suggesting the need for adaptations in the structure and strategies of the intervention for future research.

Construct validity of Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale in Brazilian Athletic Context / Validez del constructo de la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg para el contexto deportivo brasileño / Validade de Construto da Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg para o Contexto Esportivo Brasileiro

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale in the athletic context of Brazil.Method: In total, 387 athletes participated in the study, 232 men and 155 women, with a mean age of 22.1+/-4.5 years, practitioners of team modalities in clubs in Southern Brazil. The construct validity was evaluated through exploratory Factorial Analyses with Oblimin Rotation and the factorial weight 0.3 was used to exclude items. Cronbach’s Alpha and Polychoric Correlation evaluated the internal variance consistency.Results: The Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale uploaded on 2 factors showed 61% of the variance of the construct, with factor 1 adding items about positive self-esteem and factor 2 about negative self-esteem. To confirm the internal consistency of the instrument, we performed polychoric correlation between the items on the scale. All items showed significant positive correlation above 0.3 (p>0.05) confirming the good internal consistency of the questionnaire.Conclusion: This research identifies good psychometric properties of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale in the Brazilian sport context of athletes of team sports. The bifactorial structure was verified, agreeing with the original proposal, suggesting the separate score calculation of each factor on the self-esteem Scale. (AU)

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg en el contexto deportivo de Brasil.Método: En total, 387 atletas participaron en el estudio, 232 hombres y 155 mujeres, con una edad media de 22.1+/-4.5 años, practicantes de modalidades de equipo en clubes del sur de Brasil. La validez de constructo se evaluó mediante análisis factoriales exploratorios con Rotación Oblimin y se utilizó el peso factorial 0.3 para excluir los ítems. La correlación alfa y policórica de Cronbach evaluó la consistencia de la varianza interna.Resultados: La Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg expresada en 2 factores mostró el 61% de la varianza del Constructo, con el factor 1 agregando ítems sobre autoestima positiva y el factor 2 sobre autoestima negativa. Para confirmar la consistencia interna del instrumento, realizamos una correlación policórica entre los ítems de la escala. Todos los ítems mostraron una correlación positiva significativa por encima de 0.3 (p> 0.05) confirmando la buena consistencia interna del cuestionario.Conclusión: Esta investigación identifica buenas propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg en el contexto deportivo brasileño de atletas de deportes de equipo. Se verificó la estructura bifactorial, de acuerdo con la propuesta original, sugiriendo el cálculo de puntaje por separado de cada factor en la Escala de autoestima. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg no contexto esportivo do Brasil.Método: No total, 387 atletas participaram do estudo, sendo 232 homens e 155 mulheres, com média de idade de 22,1 (DP= 4,5) anos, praticantes de modalidades de equipes em clubes do sul do Brasil. A validade de construto foi avaliada por meio de Análises fatoriais exploratórias com Rotação Oblimin e o peso fatorial 0.3 foi utilizado para excluir itens. O Alfa de Cronbach e a Correlação Policórica avaliaram a consistência da variância interna.Resultados: A Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg carregou em 2 fatores e mostrou 61% da variância do construto, com o fator 1 acrescentando itens sobre autoestima positiva e o fator 2 sobre autoestima negativa. Para confirmar a consistência interna do instrumento, foi realizada correlação policórica entre os itens da escala. Todos os itens apresentaram correlação positiva significativa acima de 0.3 (p> 0.05) confirmando a boa consistência interna do questionário.Conclusão: Esta pesquisa identifica boas propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg no contexto esportivo brasileiro de atletas de esportes coletivos. A estrutura bifatorial foi verificada, concordando com a proposta original, sugerindo o cálculo do escore separado de cada fator na escala de autoestima. (AU)

A qualidade de vida em relação a saúde em crianças com baixa competência motora / Quality of life in relation to health in children with low motor skills

A baixa competência motora pode afetar significativamente os diversos domínios relacionados à qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde. Participaram do estudo 439 crianças, com idade entre 7 e 10 anos (x ̄=8,94; DP=1,03). O Inventário Pediátrico de Qualidade de Vida foi utilizado para avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde e a bateria motora Movement Assessment Battery for Children Second Edition foi utilizada para a avaliação da competência motora. Verificamos que houve diferença entre os grupos no que tange o funcionamento social (p=0,04), escolar (p<0,01) e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (p=0,02). Os dados sugerem que em alguns aspectos da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde são significativamente menores nas crianças com baixa competência motora.(AU)

The low motor competence can significantly affect the several domains related to health-related quality of life. 439 children, 197 boys and 242 girls, aged between 7 and 10 years participated in the research (x 4 = 8.94; SD = 1.03). To assess health-related quality of life we used The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and to assess motor competence we used the Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition. Regarding quality of life, it was found that there was a difference between groups regarding social functioning (p = 0.04), school functioning (p <0.01) and health-related quality of life (p = 0.02). The data suggest that in some aspects health-related quality of life is significantly lower in children with low motor skills.(AU)

E-Sports: uma prática esportiva atual / E-Sports: a current sport practice / E-Sports: una práctica deportiva actual

A indústria dos jogos eletrônicos é a terceira mais lucrativa do mundo. Um novo conceito de esporte eclodiu nos últimos anos, sendo comumente denominado de e-Sports. O artigo busca apresentar o e-Sport como uma prática esportiva atual. Esta pesquisa teórica estrutura-se apresentando a seção: "jogos eletrônicos e os e-Sports". Na educação física, o e-Sports é negligenciado pelo fato de não abranger elevado gasto energético. O e-Sport ao se fortalecer, vem se transformando em um fenômeno que se aproxima dos esportes convencionais. O e-Sport hoje é objeto de pesquisas acadêmicas que procuram verificar o seu processo de espetacularização, suas características e sua história, se misturando com a história do próprio esporte.

The electronic games industry is the third most profitable in the world. A new concept of sport has emerged in recent years, being commonly called e-Sports. The article seeks to present e-Sport as a current sports practice. This theoretical research is structured by presenting the section: "electronic games and e-Sports". In physical education, e-Sports is neglected because it does not cover high energy expenditure. When strengthening e-Sport, it is becoming a phenomenon that approaches conventional sports. Today, e-Sport is the object of academic research that seeks to verify its spectacularization process, its characteristics and its history, mixing with the history of the sport itself.

La industria de los juegos electrónicos es la tercera más rentable del mundo. Un nuevo concepto de deporte ha surgido en los últimos años, comúnmente llamado e-Sports. El artículo busca presentar el e-Sport como una práctica deportiva actual. Esta investigación teórica se estructura presentando la sección: "juegos electrónicos y e-Sports". En educación física, los deportes electrónicos se descuidan porque no cubren los altos gastos de energía. Al fortalecer el e-Sport, se está convirtiendo en un fenómeno que se acerca a los deportes convencionales. Hoy, e-Sport es el objeto de investigación académica que busca verificar su proceso de espectacularización, sus características y su historia, mezclándose con la historia del deporte en sí.

Capacidades e habilidades motoras no jogo de atletismo do kinect sport: avaliação por meio de um grupo focal / Capacities and motor skills in the kinect sport track and field: evaluation by a focus group

Os jogos de exergame possuem potencial para serem utilizados no desenvolvimento e aquisição de capacidades e habilidades motoras. Contudo os jogos comerciais não são projetados para essa finalidade, sendo necessário aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre esse produto. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar as habilidades motoras fundamentais e as capacidades motoras exigidas durante a utilização de um jogo de exergame e elaborar uma reflexão sobre as especificidades da atividade realizada e os aspectos motores envolvidos. Participaram do grupo focal três doutores e quatro mestres com experiência na área de comportamento motor. Os avaliadores observavam um voluntário jogar e ao final respondiam um questionário. O jogo analisado foi o de Atletismo (Kinect Sports), com as modalidades de Corrida, Lançamento de Dardo, Salto em Distância, Lançamento de Disco, Corrida com Barreiras. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por meio do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) e do percentual de concordância dos avaliadores. Para os dados qualitativos foi utilizada a análise de discurso, sendo identificados três eixos: a) especificidade do jogo de exergame, b) padrão motor e padrão de movimento, c) resultado do jogo, feedback e correção do movimento. A coordenação motora foi a capacidade mais presente nos jogos. A atividade Corrida com Barreiras foi a que mais exige o uso de habilidades e capacidades motoras. As discussões identificaram questões sobre as diferenças entre o movimento em ambiente real e no ambiente controlado pelo jogo e sobre a qualidade do movimento realizado, entre outros aspectos. Conclui-se que em geral as capacidades motoras são mais exigidas que as habilidades motoras, e que as discussões sobre o movimento realizado nesses jogos podem auxiliar na inserção dessa ferramenta na educação física.(AU)

Exergame games have the potential to be used in the development and acquisition of motor skills and abilities. However, commercial games are not designed for this purpose, and it is necessary to deepen the knowledge about this product. The aim of this study was to identify the fundamental motor skills and motor abilities required when using an exergame game and to elaborate a reflection on the specifics of the activity performed and the motor aspects involved. Three doctors and four masters with experience in the field of motor behavior participated in the focus group. The evaluators watched a volunteer play and at the end answered a questionnaire. The game analyzed was Track and Field (Kinect Sports), with the events of Sprint, Javelin, Long Jump, Discus and Hurdles. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and the percentage of agreement of the evaluators. For qualitative data, discourse analysis was used, with three axes being identified: a) specificity of the exergame game, b) motor pattern and movement pattern, c) game result, feedback, and movement correction. Motor coordination was the most present ability in games. The Hurdles event was the one that most requires the use of motor skills and abilities. The discussions identified questions about the differences between movement in a real environment and the environment controlled by the game and about the quality of the movement performed, among other aspects. It is concluded that, in general, motor abilities are more required than motor skills, and that discussions about the movement performed in these games can assist in the insertion of this tool in physical education.(AU)

The Role of Motor Skills in the Sociometric Status and Perceived Social Status of Schoolchildren.

INTRODUCTION: Children with better motor skills tend to develop more positive peer relationships. However, there is little information about the relationship between motor skills and the five sociometric status groups, as well as how much it interferes with self-perception of social status. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the as sociation of low motor skills with sociometric status and perceived social status in students aged 7 to 10 years. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional, descriptive study with convenience sampling. Parti cipated in the study children in public schools from Florianopolis, Brazil. Children with disabilities and those who changed schools during the school year were excluded. Motor skills were evaluated by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2), validated for this population. Movement skills were considered low when they were below the 15th percentile. Sociometric Status was assessed using the Subjective Scale of Social Status in the Classroom, according to the sociometric method, and the Perceived Social Status by the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, classifying chil dren into five groups. Multinominal logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: 439 children participated (242 girls and 197 boys), with a median age of 8.94 ± 1.03. Participants classified as rejec ted, neglected, and controversial, regarding sociometric status, were 5.01, 2.40, and 2.86, respectively, more likely to present low motor skills when compared with the average group. Regarding perceived social status, there were no significant differences. CONCLUSION: The difficulties found in children with low motor skills go beyond the motor domain, extending to social relationships.

Webgames in the school: a pilot study / Webgames na escola: um estudo piloto

ABSTRACT The proposal of webgames promotes a return to the "old" digital game, usually associated with the characteristics of a sedentary lifestyle. However, after the digital game is played on the computer, a ludic game is proposed to children, involving attractive practices with human movement, which will thus break with sedentarism. The objective of this study was to analyze the application of the pedagogical proposal of webgames to schools, in association with participant observation. Methodology: 25 elementary school students were investigated; they were attending the first grade at a school in the city of Florianópolis, Brazil. The group of children joined 02 meetings lasting 01 hour and 30 minutes each. During the sessions, their speeches were recorded on a field diary. Results: A recurring aspect in this experience offered to the children was to realize the fellowship and cooperation among them. The speech of one of the students, during the webgames, evidenced an association of the ludic practice experience on the court with the reality observed in the imaginary world of digital games. Conclusions: The study revealed a good acceptance from the children towards the webgames during school Physical Education classes.

RESUMO A proposta dos Webgames promove um retorno ao jogo digital "antigo", usualmente associado a características relacionadas ao sedentarismo. Porém, após se "jogar" o jogo digital no computador, é proposto para a criança, um jogo lúdico, que envolva práticas com movimento humano e atrativas, e assim, irá promover a quebra do sedentarismo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a aplicação da proposta pedagógica dos Webgames, na escola, associada a observação participante. Metodologia: foram investigadas 25 crianças estudantes do ensino fundamental, de uma turma do primeiro ano de uma escola na cidade de Florianópolis, Brasil. O grupo de crianças participou de 02 encontros, de 01 hora e trinta minutos de duração cada. Durante as sessões as falas das crianças foram registradas em diário de campo. Resultados: Um aspecto recorrente nesta vivência ofertada as crianças, foi perceber o coleguismo e cooperação existente entre os alunos. Em uma das falas de um dos alunos, durante os Webgames, emergiu uma associação da prática lúdica vivenciada na quadra, com a realidade observada no mundo imaginário dos jogos digitais. Conclusões: com o estudo, notou-se uma boa aceitação das crianças em relação as práticas dos Webgames, durante as aulas de Educação Física escolar.

Physical punishment at home and grade retention related to bullying / Punição física em casa e reprovação escolar relacionadas ao bullying

BACKGROUNG: Several situations can affect the development and health of school children and adolescents. Bullying, characterized by a set of aggressive, intentional and repetitive behaviors, marked by the imbalance of power between victims and bullies, is one of the most serious problems in this sense, as it occurs in a context in which security and sociability are assumed. Therefore, this study was developed to expand the understanding about this phenomenon, contemplating variables ignored in many studies (family interactions, modes of discipline and school failureOBJECTIVE: To analyze the participation of students in bullying situations and their experiences of vulnerability "to be beaten at home" and "grade retention"METHODS: the study consisted of 409 students from the 3rd to the 7th grades of Brazilian Elementary Education of two public schools. The data were collected through a questionnaire instrument with structured questions with the purpose of describing the possible roles of participation in bullying and characterizing the students regarding the context of social vulnerability in which they were. Vulnerability indicators were considered: per capita income, schooling of the adult population, housing conditions and crime / violence indices. Two schools were the research scenario. Data were analyzed using inferential statistics using the Chi-square test to verify the association between the variables, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis for comparison between groupsRESULTS: to be beaten at home was associated with the students' involvement in bullying situations as victims, bullies and bully-victims. These students also differed in relation to years of grade retention and frequency of physical punishment when compared to students not involved in bullying situations. Students classified as bully-victims demonstrated greater vulnerability in relation to the variables investigated. There were no significant differences in the comparison between participants' sex and involvement in bullying situationsCONCLUSION: It was observed that physical punishment used as a home discipline strategy and school failure are factors that increase students' vulnerability to bullying or victimization. The data indicate that it is necessary to include families in anti-bullying intervention actions. At the same time, it must be considered that this inclusion should not be restricted to the field of education or school. It is necessary to think in an intersectoral way, especially including the family health teams that have moments with the families and that can be used to think about discipline techniques and how children, children and adolescents are disciplined at home

INTRODUÇÃO: Várias situações podem afetar o desenvolvimento e a saúde de crianças e adolescentes em idade escolar. O bullying, que se caracteriza por um conjunto de comportamentos agressivos, intencionais e repetitivos, marcado pelo desequilíbrio de poder entre vítimas e agressores, é uma das mais graves problemáticas nesse sentido, pois ocorre em um contexto em que se pressupõe segurança e o desenvolvimento da sociabilidade. Por isso esse estudo foi desenvolvido, para ampliar a compreensão sobre esse fenômeno, contemplando variáveis ignoradas em muitos estudos (interações familiares, modos de disciplina e fracasso escolarOBJETIVO: Analisar a participação de estudantes em situações de bullying e suas experiências de vulnerabilidade "apanhar em casa" e "reprovação escolar"MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 409 estudantes, entre 8 e 16 anos, do 3º ao 7º ano do Ensino Fundamental de duas escolas públicas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário com perguntas estruturadas com finalidade de descrever os possíveis papéis de participação no bullying e caracterizar os estudantes quanto ao contexto de vulnerabilidade social em que se encontravam. Foram considerados como indicadores de vulnerabilidade: renda per capita, escolaridade da população adulta, condições de moradia e índices de criminalidade/violência. Duas escolas foram cenário da pesquisa. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística inferencial com o uso dos testes Qui-quadrado, para verificar a associação entre as variáveis, U de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal Wallis para comparação entre gruposRESULTADOS: Encontrou-se que apanhar em casa foi associado ao envolvimento dos estudantes em situações de bullying como vítimas, vítimas-agressoras e agressores. Esses estudantes também se diferenciaram em relação aos anos de reprovação escolar e frequência de punição física quando comparados com estudantes não envolvidos em situações de bullying. Estudantes classificados como vítimas-agressoras demonstraram maior vulnerabilidade em relação às variáveis investigadas. Não houve diferenças significativas na comparação entre o sexo dos participantes e o envolvimento em situações de bullyingCONCLUSÃO: Observou-se que a punição física utilizada como estratégia de disciplina em casa e a reprovação escolar são fatores que aumentam a vulnerabilidade dos estudantes em relação à prática do bullying ou à vitimização. Os dados sinalizam que é necessário incluir as famílias nas ações de intervenção antibullying. Ao mesmo tempo, é preciso considerar que essa inclusão não deve ficar restrita ao campo da educação ou da escola. É preciso pensar de forma intersetorial, principalmente incluindo as equipes de saúde da família que possuem momentos junto às famílias e que podem ser utilizados para pensar as técnicas de disciplina e o modo como os filhos, crianças e adolescentes são disciplinados em casa

Reference values for balance in physically active elderly women / Valores de referência para o equilíbrio em idosas fisicamente ativas / Valores de referencia para el equilibrio en mujeres mayores físicamente activas

ABSTRACT Introduction Body balance is one of the most important factors related to falls, quality of life, and independence, and its evaluation is therefore important. Objective To establish reference values for balance tests in physically active older women from different age groups. Methods The sample consisted of 192 physically active women aged 60 to 79 years who were submitted to the following tests: timed up and go (TUG), one-leg stand (OLS), five-repetition chair stand (CS-5), functional reach (FR), and tandem stand test (TST). Descriptive statistics (percentile analysis) and the Mann-Whitney U test were used. Results In older women aged 60 to 69 years, the values indicating "good" balance were a score less than 5.7 s in the TUG, achieving 30 s of OLS, performing the CS-5 test in less than 8.5 s, and a result greater than 35.5 cm in the FR test. In older women aged 70 to 79 years, the values indicating "good" balance were a score less than 5.9 s in the TUG, achieving 30 s of OLS, performing the CS-5 in less than 8.5 s, and a result greater than 33 cm in the FR test. In the TST, most of the physically active subjects achieved the ceiling performance. Conclusion The reference values obtained are similar to or better than those reported in the literature. The use of the TST is not recommended for physically active older women because of its low discriminatory power in this group. Level of evidence III; Study of non consecutive patients; without consistently applied reference ''gold'' standard.

RESUMO Introdução O equilíbrio corporal é considerado um dos fatores importantes relacionados a quedas, qualidade de vida e independência, o que torna importante sua avaliação. Objetivo Estabelecer valores de referência dos testes de equilíbrio para idosas que praticam atividade física em diferentes faixas etárias. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 192 idosas entre 60 e 79 anos que praticam atividades físicas e realizaram os seguintes testes: Timed Up and Go (TUG), Apoio Unipodal , Sentar e Levantar cinco vezes (SL5), Alcance Funcional (AF) e Tandem Test (TT). Foi realizada estatística descritiva (análise de percentil) e teste U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados Observou-se que para as mulheres de 60 a 69 anos terem seu equilíbrio "bom", devem ter resultados inferiores a 5,7 segundos no TUG; atingir a marca de 30 segundos no AU; realizar o SL5 em menos de 8,5 segundos e apresentar resultado superior a 35,5 cm no AF. Para as mulheres de 70 a 79 anos terem equilíbrio "bom", devem apresentar resultados inferiores a 5,9 segundos no TUG; atingir 30 segundos no AU; realizar o SL5 em menos de 8,5 segundos e apresentar resultado superior a 33 cm no AF. No TT, a maioria das idosas praticantes de atividade física atingiu o efeito máximo. Conclusão Verificou-se que os resultados encontrados neste estudo são semelhantes ou superiores aos da literatura. Não se recomenda a utilização do TT para idosas fisicamente ativas por causa do pouco poder discriminativo para esse grupo. Nível de evidência III; Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos; sem padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado uniformemente.

RESUMEN Introducción El equilibrio corporal se considera uno de los factores importantes relacionados con las caídas, la calidad de vida y la independencia, lo que hace que su evaluación sea importante. Objetivo Establecer valores de referencia para las pruebas de equilibrio para mujeres mayores que practican actividad física, en diferentes grupos de edad. Métodos La muestra consistió en 192 mujeres con edad entre 60 y 79 años que practican actividades físicas y realizaron las siguientes pruebas: Timed Up and Go (TUG), soporte unipodal (SU), sentarse y pararse cinco veces (SP5), alcance funcional (AF) y el prueba de tándem (PT). Se realizó estadística descriptiva (análisis de percentiles) y prueba U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados Se observó que para que las mujeres de 60 a 69 años tengan un equilibrio "bueno", deben tener resultados inferiores a 5,7 segundos en el TUG; alcanzar la marca de 30 segundos en él SU; lograr el SP5 en menos de 8,5 segundos y tener un resultado mayor de 35,5 cm en el AF. Para que las mujeres entre 70 a 79 años tengan un "buen" equilibrio, deben presentar resultados de menos de 5,9 segundos en el TUG; alcanzar 30 segundos en él SU; lograr el SL5 en menos de 8,5 segundos y tener un resultado mayor de 33 cm en el AF. En el TT, la mayoría de las mujeres mayores que practican actividad física alcanzaron el máximo efecto. Conclusión Se observó que los resultados encontrados en este estudio son similares o superiores a los de la literatura. El uso de TT no se recomienda para mujeres mayores físicamente activas debido al bajo poder discriminativo para este grupo. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio de pacientes no consecutivos; sin estándar de referencia "oro" aplicado uniformemente.

Satisfação da imagem corporal e suas relações com sexo biológico, orientação sexual, identidade de gênero e esquemas de gênero do autoconceito em bailarinos: uma revisão sistemática / Satisfaction of body image and its relationships with biological sex, sexual orientation, gender identity and gender schemas of self-concept in dancers: a systematic review / Satisfacción de la imagen corporal y sus relaciones con sexo biológico, orientación sexual, identidad de género y esquemas de género del autoconcepto en bailarines: una revisión sistemática

O conceito de imagem corporal está baseado a partir de um construto multidimensional, formado das representações sobre o tamanho e aparência do corpo. Objetivou-se a verificar de forma sistematizada a literatura estudos que apresentassem a relação entre satisfação da imagem corporal e variáveis sexuais. Os resultados demonstraram que a área que estuda a percepção da imagem corporal em bailarinos ainda não percebeu a importância de outras dimensões como identidade de gênero, orientação sexual e os esquemas de gênero do autoconceito, que podem ter maior impacto do que apenas o critério sexo biológico. O sexo biológico ainda é a principal variável de controle na comparação nos estudos entre os bailarinos, sendo urgente a necessidade de outras dimensões da identidade a serem incorporadas nos próximos estudos, como as citadas acima, para ampliar a capacidade de explicarmos a satisfação corporal humana.

English abstract version the concept of body image is based on a multidimensional construct, formed of representations about the size and appearance of the body. The objective was to systematically verify the literature studies that showed the relationship between body image satisfaction and sexual variables. The results showed that the area that studies the perception of body image in dancers has not yet perceived the importance of other dimensions such as gender identity, sexual orientation and self-concept gender schemes, which may have greater impact than just the biological sex criterion . Biological sex is still the main control variable in the comparison among studies among dancers, and there is an urgent need for other dimensions of identity to be incorporated in future studies, such as those cited above, to increase the capacity to explain human body satisfaction.

El concepto de imagen corporal está basado en un constructo multidimensional, formado de las representaciones sobre el tamaño y apariencia del cuerpo. Se objetivó verificar de forma sistematizada la literatura estudios que presentaran la relación entre satisfacción de la imagen corporal y variables sexuales. Los resultados demostraron que el área que estudia la percepción de la imagen corporal en bailarines aún no percibió la importancia de otras dimensiones como identidad de género, orientación sexual y los esquemas de género del autoconcepto, que pueden tener mayor impacto que sólo el criterio sexual biológico. El sexo biológico sigue siendo la principal variable de control en la comparación en los estudios entre los bailarines, siendo urgente la necesidad de otras dimensiones de la identidad a ser incorporadas en los próximos estudios, como las citadas arriba, para ampliar la capacidad de explicar la satisfacción corporal humana.

Evaluating the psychometric properties of the iconographical falls efficacy scale (ICON-FES).

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the construct and content validity of the Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale (Icon-FES) in order to measure the fear of falling in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: The Icon-FES was applied to 333 older adults. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to assess internal consistency. Item response theory (IRT) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate the consistency of the questionnaire and whether it corresponded satisfactorily to the construct "concern about falling." Concurrent validity with the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) and convergent validity with the Senior Fitness Test (SFT) were also assessed. Receiving operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: The structural model of the 30-item and 10-item Icon-FES showed some theoretical fragility. The final model of the new short version of the Icon-FES consisted of 13 items, yielding a theoretically satisfactory structural model. Validity analyses indicated that the 13-item Icon-FES had a moderate relationship with the SFT, a strong relationship with the FES-I, and good sensitivity and specificity for a history of falls. CONCLUSION: The 13-item Icon-FES has excellent psychometric properties for measuring fear of falling in community-dwelling older adults. It can be recommended as a screening tool for fear of falling for both research and clinical purposes.

Adherence and effectiveness of a single instruction of pelvic floor exercises: a randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: In Brazil there are limited knowledge and education about preventative exercises for pelvic floor muscles (PFMs). We hypothesised that a single pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) session immediately postpartum would be effective in preventing urinary incontinence (UI) in a 3-month postpartum period with good adherence rates. METHODS: Two hundred two women were approached for this randomised controlled trial and randomly assigned to two groups: the control group and experimental group. The intervention comprised a visual assessment of PFM contraction, a single PFME instruction session supervised by a physical therapist, and an educational approach through distribution of brochures about home-based PFME exercises (without supervision). Involuntary urinary loss and quality of life (QoL) were evaluated using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (main outcome). Sociodemographic and clinical information was collected. Adherence and barriers were assessed via telephone/mobile phone surveys (secondary outcomes). RESULTS: The adherence rate was 85.1%; only 37% of the women reported having some knowledge about PFME prior to participating in this study. The main barriers to PFME mentioned were forgetfulness (61.2%), lack of time (52.2%), and the need to take care of the baby (56.7%). One instruction session on postnatal PFME delivered in the immediate postpartum period was ineffective for improving urinary symptoms such as frequency of leakage (p = 0.821), amount of leakage (p = 0.746), and influence of leakage on QoL (p = 0.823). In addition, there was no difference in QoL 3 months post-partum (p = 0.872). CONCLUSIONS: Although the proposed intervention did not prevent UI symptoms, the adherence rate to PFME was high.

Predictors for adherence to a home-based pelvic floor muscle exercise program for treating female urinary incontinence in Brazil.

Objective: To assess predictors for adherence to a home-based pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) program supplemented with three physical therapy sessions in women with urinary incontinence (UI). Design: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial of interventions to enhance self-efficacy with respect to PFME. Setting: Patients were referred from public primary or secondary care providers in Florianópolis, Brazil. Participants: Adult women with UI. Intervention: Three supervised physiotherapy sessions for the treatment of UI combined with home-based PFME program. Treatment groups were combined for predictive modelling because there was no difference after intervention between groups regarding UI and adherence rates. Main Outcome Measures: Adherence to PFME at 3-month follow-up (structured questionnaire). Baseline Predictors: self-efficacy and outcome expectation scales; severity of UI (ICIQ-SF), pelvic floor muscle strength, age, body mass index (BMI), and educational level. Results: 86 women with UI of whom 72 completed the study. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed. Forty-three women reported carrying out PFME every day. Adherence was correlated to: baseline self-efficacy (r = 0.299); age (r = 0.242); and educational level (r = -0.273). Hierarchical regression analyses incorporating treatment group, age, education, disease-related factors (severity of UI; pelvic floor muscle strength; BMI), and outcome expectations and self-efficacy showed that only baseline self-efficacy predicted adherence (R2 = 0.217). Conclusions: Adherence to home-based PFME is a complex phenomenon. Assessing self-efficacy may help physiotherapists to detect patients' confidence in performing home-based exercises and, when necessary, give patients additional incentives.

Sociometric Status of Participants Involved in School Bullying / Status Sociométrico de Participantes Envolvidos em Bullying Escolar / Estatus Sociométrico de Participantes Involucrados en el Bullying en la Escuela

Abstract The situation of social vulnerability hinders the integration processes and thus can foster problems in interpersonal interactions in school. This study aimed to analyze the sociometric status and its relationships with sex, age and profiles of bullying participation in children and adolescents in situations of social vulnerability. A total of 409 students between the third and seventh grades of two public elementary schools in Florianópolis-SC participated in this study. The positive status was higher for boys (M = 11.07; SD = 8.52) and adolescents (M = 11.46; SD = 8.19) compared to girls (M = 8.55; SD = 5.60) and children (M = 8.83; SD = 6.56). The aggressors' positive status was higher, with significant difference, compared to victims and non-participants of bullying (p = 0.008). In the context of bullying, aggressors' high status can collaborate to their use of violence in conflict resolution or to gain peer popularity.

Resumo A situação de vulnerabilidade social dificulta os processos de integração e com isso pode fomentar problemas nas interações interpessoais na escola. Este estudo objetivou analisar o status sociométrico e as suas relações com o sexo, a idade e os perfis de participação no bullying em crianças e adolescentes em situação de vulnerabilidade social. Participaram 409 estudantes do terceiro ao sétimo anos do Ensino Fundamental de duas escolas públicas de Florianópolis-SC. O status positivo foi maior para os meninos (M = 11,07; DP = 8,52) e os adolescentes (M = 11,46; DP = 8,19) em relação às meninas (M = 8,55; DP = 5,60) e às crianças (M = 8,83; DP = 6,56). O status positivo dos agressores foi maior, com diferença significativa, em relação às vítimas e não participantes no bullying (p = 0,008). No contexto do bullying, o status elevado dos agressores pode colaborar para que eles utilizem a violência na solução de conflitos ou para obtenção de popularidade entre os pares.

Resumen La situación de vulnerabilidad social dificulta los procesos de integración, lo que puede ocasionar problemas en las interacciones interpersonales en la escuela. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el estatus sociométrico y sus relaciones con el sexo, la edad y los perfiles de participación en el bullying en niños y adolescentes en situación de vulnerabilidad social. Participaron 409 estudiantes del 3.º al 7.º grados de la educación primaria de dos escuelas públicas en Florianópolis (SC, Brasil). El estatus positivo fue mayor para los chicos (M = 11,07; DE = 8,52) y los adolescentes (M = 11,46; DE = 8,19) en comparación con las chicas (M = 8,55; DE = 5,60) y los niños (M = 8,83; DE = 6,56). El estatus positivo de los agresores fue mayor, con una diferencia significativa, que el de las víctimas y los no participantes en el bullying (p = 0,008). El estatus elevado de los agresores en el bullying puede colaborar con la utilización de la violencia para resolver conflictos o ganar popularidad entre sus pares.

Evaluating the psychometric properties of the iconographical falls efficacy scale (ICON-FES)

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the construct and content validity of the Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale (Icon-FES) in order to measure the fear of falling in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: The Icon-FES was applied to 333 older adults. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to assess internal consistency. Item response theory (IRT) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate the consistency of the questionnaire and whether it corresponded satisfactorily to the construct "concern about falling." Concurrent validity with the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) and convergent validity with the Senior Fitness Test (SFT) were also assessed. Receiving operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: The structural model of the 30-item and 10-item Icon-FES showed some theoretical fragility. The final model of the new short version of the Icon-FES consisted of 13 items, yielding a theoretically satisfactory structural model. Validity analyses indicated that the 13-item Icon-FES had a moderate relationship with the SFT, a strong relationship with the FES-I, and good sensitivity and specificity for a history of falls. CONCLUSION: The 13-item Icon-FES has excellent psychometric properties for measuring fear of falling in community-dwelling older adults. It can be recommended as a screening tool for fear of falling for both research and clinical purposes.